Green Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions for Delivery of Phytochemicals With Pesticidal Activity for Sustainable Food Production and Safety.

Abstract

Green oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions incorporating essential oils (EOs) and food-derived compounds are gaining prominence as biopesticidal platforms that address the growing demand for sustainable agriculture, food safety, and reduced chemical inputs. These colloidal delivery systems enhance the solubility, stability, and bioefficacy of hydrophobic phytochemicals, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agrochemicals. This comprehensive review critically examines recent advances in the formulation and application of green O/W nanoemulsions for crop protection. We synthesize evidence on their pesticidal activity against a wide range of pests and phytopathogens relevant to food crop systems, including aphids, insects, fungi, bacteria, and weeds. Emphasis is placed on food-grade and biodegradable formulation components, such as biosurfactants and natural emulsifiers, as well as their implications for toxicological safety, environmental risk, and scalability. Nanoemulsions have been reported to enhance pest control relative to conventional formulations; however, the reported efficacy varies depending on the formulation composition, target organism, and application conditions. Their full potential remains underexplored in terms of field application, phytotoxicity, and impacts on nontarget organisms. Important gaps persist in addressing underrepresented targets such as plant viruses and nematodes. By integrating concepts of green chemistry, nanotechnology, and food system resilience, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the role of green nanoemulsions in sustainable crop management. Their development aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals and offers promising solutions for integrated pest management, organic agriculture, and preharvest food safety, reinforcing the transition toward safer and more resilient food systems.